Democracy in Latin America: status and prospects
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ene 1, 2015
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https://doi.org/10.29101/crcs.v0i67.2182
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El propósito de este ensayo es examinar el estatus democrático de los países latinoamericanos, así como las perspectivas de avance de la democracia en la región para la presente década. Ofrecemos un mapa del objeto de estudio que incluye una definición básica de democracia, un panorama de las teorías acerca del desarrollo de la democracia y como ésta puede ser mantenida, como un continuum, y una revisión de lo que conocemos empíricamente sobre la democratización latinoamericana. Sugerimos un modelo en el cual la cultura política y la estructura social influyen una sobre otra, y ambas influyen directamente los procesos políticos, los cuales a su vez median entre éstos y el surgimiento real de reglas democráticas en el juego político en cada nación latinoamericana en particular. El estudio se completa con los datos de lapop que intentan mostrar hasta dónde y en qué dirección se instala la democracia en la región latinoamericana.
Article Details
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BOOTH, John A.; HERAS-GÓMEZ, Leticia.
Democracy in Latin America: status and prospects.
Convergencia Revista de Ciencias Sociales, [S.l.], n. 67, ene. 2015.
ISSN 2448-5799.
Disponible en: <https://convergencia.uaemex.mx/article/view/2182>. Fecha de acceso: 18 ago. 2026
doi: https://doi.org/10.29101/crcs.v0i67.2182.
Palabras clave
democracia; cultura política; estructura social; América Latina
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Citas
Adorno, T. W. et al. (1959), The Authoritarian Personality, New York: Harper and Row.
Almond, Gabriel A. and Sidney Verba (1963), The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Aristotle (1962), Politics (Aristotle’s Politics), Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Bernhagen, P. et al. (2009), Democratization, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Boix, Carles (2003), Democracy and Redistribution, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Boix, Carles and Susan C. Stokes (2003), “Endogenous Democratization”, in World Politics, vol. 55, no. 4, New Jersey: Princeton Institute for International and Regional Studies.
Booth, John A. (1998), Costa Rica: Quest for Democracy, Boulder: Westview Press.
Booth, John A. (2010), Cultura política de la democracia en Nicaragua, 2010: Consolidación Democrática en las Américas en tiempos difíciles, Nashville, tn: Vanderbilt University.
Booth, John A. and Mitchell A. Seligson (2009), The Legitimacy Puzzle in Latin America: Democracy and Political Support in Eight Nations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Booth, John A. and Mitchell A. Seligson (1984), “The Political Culture of Authoritarianism in México: a Reaxamination”, in Latinoamerican Reseach Review, vol. XIX, no. 1, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Cohen, Carl (1973), Democracy, New York: The Free Press.
Córdova, Ricardo and José M. Cruz (2007), Cultura Política de la Democracia en el Salvador: 2006, San Salvador: Instituto Universitario de Opinión Pública (IUDOP-UCA).
Dahl, Robert A. (1998), On Democracy, New Haven: Yale University Press.
Diamond, Larry (1999), Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Doorenspleet, Renske (2005), Democratic Transitions: Exploring the Structural Sources of the Fourth Wave, Boulder: Westview Press.
Doorenspleet, Renske (2000), “Reassessing the Three Waves of Democratization”, in World Politics, vol. 52, no. 3, New Jersey: Princeton Institute for International and Regional Studies.
Enterline, Andrew J. and J. Michael Greig (2005), “Beacons of Hope? The Impact of Imposed Democracy on Regional Peace, Democracy and Prosperity”, in Journal of Politics, vol. 67, no. 4, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Enterline, Andrew J. and J. Michael Greig (2008), “The History of Imposed Democracy and the Future of Iraq and Afghanistan”, in Foreign Policy Analysis, no. 4, Missouri: International Studies Association, University of Missouri.
Epstein, D. L. et al. (2006), “Democratic transitions”, in American Journal of Political Science, no. 50, Michigan: Michigan State University.
Gasiorowski, Mark J. (2000), “Democracy and Macroeconomic Performance in Underdeveloped Countries: An Empirical Analysis”, in Comparative Political Studies, vol. 33, no. 3, Minnesota: Sage Publications, University of Minnesota.
Gil, Federico G. (1966), The Political System of Chile, Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Held, David (2001), “Democracy”, in The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Heras, L. (2004), “Cultura Política y Democratización en América Latina”, in Revista de Ciencias Sociales, vol. 103-1, no. 2, Costa Rica: Universidad de Costa Rica.
Higley, John and Michael Burton (2006), Elite Foundations of Liberal Democracy, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield.
Higley, John and Michael G. Burton (1989), “The Elite Variable in Democratic Transitions and Breakdowns”, in American Sociological Review, no. 54, Michigan: Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research, University of Michigan.
Higley, John and Richard Gunther (1992), Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Huntington, Samuel (1991), The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Inglehart, Ronald (1990), Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Inglehart, Ronald (1988), “The Renaissance of Political Culture”, in American Political Science Review, vol. 82, no. 4, Texas: Department of Political Science, University of North Texas.
Inglehart, Ronald and Christian Welzel (2005), Modernization, Cultural Change and Democracy, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Jackman, Robert W. and Ross Alan Miller (2004), Before Norms: Institutions and Civic Culture, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Jackman, Robert W. and Ross Allen Miller (1996), “The Poverty of Political Culture”, in American Journal of Political Science, no. 40, Michigan: Department of Political Science and the School of Social Sciences, Michigan State University.
Karl, Terry Lynn (1992), “El Salvador’s Negotiated Revolution”, in Foreign Affairs, vol. 71, no. 2, New York: Council of Foreign Relations.
Linz, Juan and Alfred Stepan (1978), The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes, Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
Lipset, Seymour Martin (1959a), “Democracy and Working-Class Authoritarianism”, in American Sociological Review, no. 24, Michigan: Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research, University of Michigan.
Lipset, Seymour Martin (1961), Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Lipset, Seymour Martin (1994), “The Social Requisites of Democracy Revisited”, in American Sociological Review, no. 59, Michigan: Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research, University of Michigan.
Lipset, Seymour Martin (1959b), “Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy”, in American Political Science Review, no. 53, Texas: Department of Political Science, University of North Texas.
Mahoney, James (2001), The Legacies of Liberalism: Path Dependence and Political Regimes in Central America, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Marshall, Monty and Keith Jaggers (2008), Polity IV Country Reports 2008, Vienna Virginia, EUA: Center for Systemic Peace.
Martz, John D. (1967), “Costa Rican Electoral Trends, 1953-1966”, in The Western Political Quarterly, vol. 20, no. 4, Utah: Sage Publications, University of Utah.
Midlarsky, Manus I. (1997), Inequality, Democracy and Economic Development, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Molina Jiménez, Iván (2005), Demoperfectocracia: La Democracia Pre-Reformada en Costa Rica (1985-1948), Heredia, Costa Rica: Universidad Nacional.
Moore Jr., Barrington (1966), Social Origins of Dictatorships and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World, Boston, ma: Beacon.
Muller, Edward N. (1997), “Economic Determinants of Democracy”, in Inequality, Democracy and Economic Development, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Muller, Edward N. and Mitchell A. Seligson (1994), “Civic Culture and Democracy: The Question of the Causal Relationships”, in American Political Science Review, no. 88, Texas: Department of Political Science, University of North Texas.
Nohlen, Dieter (1992), Elecciones y Sistemas de Partidos en América Latina, San José, Costa Rica: Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos.
Nohlen, Dieter (2005), Elections in the Americas: A Data Handbook, vol. 2, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Nohlen, Dieter (1993), Enciclopedia Electoral Latinoamericano y del Caribe, San José, Costa Rica: Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos.
Norris, Pippa (1999), Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Government, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
O’Donnell, Guillermo et al. (1986), Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Pateman, Carole (1970), Participation and Democratic Theory, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Peeler, John (1998), Building Democracy in Latin America, Boulder, co: Lynne Reinner Publishers.
Peeler, John (1992), “Elite Settlements and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America: Colombia, Costa Rica, and Venezuela”, in John Higley and Richard Gunter [eds.], Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Peeler, John (1985), Latin American Democracies: Colombia, Costa Rica, and Venezuela, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Perez, Orlando J. et al. (2010), “The Honduran Catharsis”, in Americas Quarterly, New York: Americas Society and Council of the Americas.
Perez, Orlando J. and Mitchell A. Seligson (2008), Political Culture of Democracy in Nicaragua: The Impact of Governance, Nashville, Tennessee: Latin American Public Opinion Project.
Przeworski, Adam (1986), “Some Problems in the Study of the Transition to Democracy”, in Guillermo O’Donnell et al. [eds.], Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Przeworski, Adam et al. (2000), Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well- Being in the World, 1950-1990, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Putnam, Robert D. (2000), Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community, New York: Simon & Schuster.
Putnam, Robert D. (1993), Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Putnam, Robert D. (1995), “Tuning in, Tuning Out: The Strange Disappearance of Social Capital in America”, in ps: Political Science and Politics, vol. 28, no. 4, Cambridge: American Political Science Association, Cambridge University Press.
Robinson, William I. (1996), Promoting Polyarchy: Globalization, U.S. Intervention, and Hegemony, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Robinson, William I. (2003), Transnational Conflicts: Central America, Social Change and Globalization, London: Verso.
Rose, Richard et al. (1998), Democracy and Its Alternatives: Understanding Post-Communist Societies, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rueschemeyer, Dietrich et al. (1992), Capitalist Development and Democracy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rustow, Dankwart (1970), “Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model”, in Comparative Politics, vol. 2, no. April, New York: The City University of New York.
Schneider, Ronald M. (2007), Latin American Political History: Patterns and Personality, Boulder: Westview Press.
Seligson, Mitchell A. (1987), “Development, Democratization and Decay: Central America at the Crossroads”, in James M. Malloy and Mitchell A. Seligson [eds.], Authoritarians and Democrats: The Politics of Regime Transition in Latin America, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Seligson, Mitchell A. (2002), “Trouble in Paradise: The Impact of the Erosion of System Support in Costa Rica, 1978-1999”, in Latin American Research Review, vol. 37, no. 1, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Seligson, Mitchell A. and John A. Booth (2010), “Crime, Hard Times and Discontent”, in Journal of Democracy, vol. 21, no. 2, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Seligson, Mitchell A. et al. (2006), Auditoría de la Democracia: Bolivia, 2006, Cochabamba: Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP).
Smith, Peter H. (1974), Argentina and the Failure of Democracy: Conflict among Political Elites, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Smith, Peter H. (2005), Democracy in Latin America: Political Change in Comparative Perspective, New York: Oxford University Press.
Stepan, Alfred (1986), “Paths toward Redemocratization: Theoretical and Comparative Considerations”, in Guillermo O’Donnell et al. [eds.], Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Vanhanen, Tatu (1997), Prospects of Democracy: A Study of 172 Countries, London: Routledge.
Whitehead, Lawrence (1991), “The Imposition of Democracy”, in Abraham Lowenthal [eds.], Exporting Democracy: The United States and Latin America, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Electronic resource
Seligson, Mitchell A. and John A. Booth (2009), Special Report on Honduras: Predicting Coups? Democratic Vulnerabilities, the Americas barometer and the 2009 Honduran Crisis 2009 [cited. Available at http://sitemason.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/AmericasBarometerInsightsSeries/2009/8/1/i0821-special-report-on-honduraspredicting-coups-democratic-vulnerabilities-the-americasbarometer-and-the-2009-honduran-crisis-by-mitchell-a-seligson-and-john-a-booth
Almond, Gabriel A. and Sidney Verba (1963), The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Aristotle (1962), Politics (Aristotle’s Politics), Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Bernhagen, P. et al. (2009), Democratization, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Boix, Carles (2003), Democracy and Redistribution, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Boix, Carles and Susan C. Stokes (2003), “Endogenous Democratization”, in World Politics, vol. 55, no. 4, New Jersey: Princeton Institute for International and Regional Studies.
Booth, John A. (1998), Costa Rica: Quest for Democracy, Boulder: Westview Press.
Booth, John A. (2010), Cultura política de la democracia en Nicaragua, 2010: Consolidación Democrática en las Américas en tiempos difíciles, Nashville, tn: Vanderbilt University.
Booth, John A. and Mitchell A. Seligson (2009), The Legitimacy Puzzle in Latin America: Democracy and Political Support in Eight Nations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Booth, John A. and Mitchell A. Seligson (1984), “The Political Culture of Authoritarianism in México: a Reaxamination”, in Latinoamerican Reseach Review, vol. XIX, no. 1, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Cohen, Carl (1973), Democracy, New York: The Free Press.
Córdova, Ricardo and José M. Cruz (2007), Cultura Política de la Democracia en el Salvador: 2006, San Salvador: Instituto Universitario de Opinión Pública (IUDOP-UCA).
Dahl, Robert A. (1998), On Democracy, New Haven: Yale University Press.
Diamond, Larry (1999), Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Doorenspleet, Renske (2005), Democratic Transitions: Exploring the Structural Sources of the Fourth Wave, Boulder: Westview Press.
Doorenspleet, Renske (2000), “Reassessing the Three Waves of Democratization”, in World Politics, vol. 52, no. 3, New Jersey: Princeton Institute for International and Regional Studies.
Enterline, Andrew J. and J. Michael Greig (2005), “Beacons of Hope? The Impact of Imposed Democracy on Regional Peace, Democracy and Prosperity”, in Journal of Politics, vol. 67, no. 4, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Enterline, Andrew J. and J. Michael Greig (2008), “The History of Imposed Democracy and the Future of Iraq and Afghanistan”, in Foreign Policy Analysis, no. 4, Missouri: International Studies Association, University of Missouri.
Epstein, D. L. et al. (2006), “Democratic transitions”, in American Journal of Political Science, no. 50, Michigan: Michigan State University.
Gasiorowski, Mark J. (2000), “Democracy and Macroeconomic Performance in Underdeveloped Countries: An Empirical Analysis”, in Comparative Political Studies, vol. 33, no. 3, Minnesota: Sage Publications, University of Minnesota.
Gil, Federico G. (1966), The Political System of Chile, Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Held, David (2001), “Democracy”, in The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Heras, L. (2004), “Cultura Política y Democratización en América Latina”, in Revista de Ciencias Sociales, vol. 103-1, no. 2, Costa Rica: Universidad de Costa Rica.
Higley, John and Michael Burton (2006), Elite Foundations of Liberal Democracy, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield.
Higley, John and Michael G. Burton (1989), “The Elite Variable in Democratic Transitions and Breakdowns”, in American Sociological Review, no. 54, Michigan: Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research, University of Michigan.
Higley, John and Richard Gunther (1992), Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Huntington, Samuel (1991), The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Inglehart, Ronald (1990), Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Inglehart, Ronald (1988), “The Renaissance of Political Culture”, in American Political Science Review, vol. 82, no. 4, Texas: Department of Political Science, University of North Texas.
Inglehart, Ronald and Christian Welzel (2005), Modernization, Cultural Change and Democracy, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Jackman, Robert W. and Ross Alan Miller (2004), Before Norms: Institutions and Civic Culture, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Jackman, Robert W. and Ross Allen Miller (1996), “The Poverty of Political Culture”, in American Journal of Political Science, no. 40, Michigan: Department of Political Science and the School of Social Sciences, Michigan State University.
Karl, Terry Lynn (1992), “El Salvador’s Negotiated Revolution”, in Foreign Affairs, vol. 71, no. 2, New York: Council of Foreign Relations.
Linz, Juan and Alfred Stepan (1978), The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes, Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
Lipset, Seymour Martin (1959a), “Democracy and Working-Class Authoritarianism”, in American Sociological Review, no. 24, Michigan: Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research, University of Michigan.
Lipset, Seymour Martin (1961), Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Lipset, Seymour Martin (1994), “The Social Requisites of Democracy Revisited”, in American Sociological Review, no. 59, Michigan: Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research, University of Michigan.
Lipset, Seymour Martin (1959b), “Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy”, in American Political Science Review, no. 53, Texas: Department of Political Science, University of North Texas.
Mahoney, James (2001), The Legacies of Liberalism: Path Dependence and Political Regimes in Central America, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Marshall, Monty and Keith Jaggers (2008), Polity IV Country Reports 2008, Vienna Virginia, EUA: Center for Systemic Peace.
Martz, John D. (1967), “Costa Rican Electoral Trends, 1953-1966”, in The Western Political Quarterly, vol. 20, no. 4, Utah: Sage Publications, University of Utah.
Midlarsky, Manus I. (1997), Inequality, Democracy and Economic Development, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Molina Jiménez, Iván (2005), Demoperfectocracia: La Democracia Pre-Reformada en Costa Rica (1985-1948), Heredia, Costa Rica: Universidad Nacional.
Moore Jr., Barrington (1966), Social Origins of Dictatorships and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World, Boston, ma: Beacon.
Muller, Edward N. (1997), “Economic Determinants of Democracy”, in Inequality, Democracy and Economic Development, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Muller, Edward N. and Mitchell A. Seligson (1994), “Civic Culture and Democracy: The Question of the Causal Relationships”, in American Political Science Review, no. 88, Texas: Department of Political Science, University of North Texas.
Nohlen, Dieter (1992), Elecciones y Sistemas de Partidos en América Latina, San José, Costa Rica: Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos.
Nohlen, Dieter (2005), Elections in the Americas: A Data Handbook, vol. 2, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Nohlen, Dieter (1993), Enciclopedia Electoral Latinoamericano y del Caribe, San José, Costa Rica: Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos.
Norris, Pippa (1999), Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Government, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
O’Donnell, Guillermo et al. (1986), Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Pateman, Carole (1970), Participation and Democratic Theory, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Peeler, John (1998), Building Democracy in Latin America, Boulder, co: Lynne Reinner Publishers.
Peeler, John (1992), “Elite Settlements and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America: Colombia, Costa Rica, and Venezuela”, in John Higley and Richard Gunter [eds.], Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Peeler, John (1985), Latin American Democracies: Colombia, Costa Rica, and Venezuela, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Perez, Orlando J. et al. (2010), “The Honduran Catharsis”, in Americas Quarterly, New York: Americas Society and Council of the Americas.
Perez, Orlando J. and Mitchell A. Seligson (2008), Political Culture of Democracy in Nicaragua: The Impact of Governance, Nashville, Tennessee: Latin American Public Opinion Project.
Przeworski, Adam (1986), “Some Problems in the Study of the Transition to Democracy”, in Guillermo O’Donnell et al. [eds.], Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Przeworski, Adam et al. (2000), Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well- Being in the World, 1950-1990, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Putnam, Robert D. (2000), Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community, New York: Simon & Schuster.
Putnam, Robert D. (1993), Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Putnam, Robert D. (1995), “Tuning in, Tuning Out: The Strange Disappearance of Social Capital in America”, in ps: Political Science and Politics, vol. 28, no. 4, Cambridge: American Political Science Association, Cambridge University Press.
Robinson, William I. (1996), Promoting Polyarchy: Globalization, U.S. Intervention, and Hegemony, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Robinson, William I. (2003), Transnational Conflicts: Central America, Social Change and Globalization, London: Verso.
Rose, Richard et al. (1998), Democracy and Its Alternatives: Understanding Post-Communist Societies, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rueschemeyer, Dietrich et al. (1992), Capitalist Development and Democracy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rustow, Dankwart (1970), “Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model”, in Comparative Politics, vol. 2, no. April, New York: The City University of New York.
Schneider, Ronald M. (2007), Latin American Political History: Patterns and Personality, Boulder: Westview Press.
Seligson, Mitchell A. (1987), “Development, Democratization and Decay: Central America at the Crossroads”, in James M. Malloy and Mitchell A. Seligson [eds.], Authoritarians and Democrats: The Politics of Regime Transition in Latin America, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Seligson, Mitchell A. (2002), “Trouble in Paradise: The Impact of the Erosion of System Support in Costa Rica, 1978-1999”, in Latin American Research Review, vol. 37, no. 1, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Seligson, Mitchell A. and John A. Booth (2010), “Crime, Hard Times and Discontent”, in Journal of Democracy, vol. 21, no. 2, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Seligson, Mitchell A. et al. (2006), Auditoría de la Democracia: Bolivia, 2006, Cochabamba: Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP).
Smith, Peter H. (1974), Argentina and the Failure of Democracy: Conflict among Political Elites, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Smith, Peter H. (2005), Democracy in Latin America: Political Change in Comparative Perspective, New York: Oxford University Press.
Stepan, Alfred (1986), “Paths toward Redemocratization: Theoretical and Comparative Considerations”, in Guillermo O’Donnell et al. [eds.], Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Vanhanen, Tatu (1997), Prospects of Democracy: A Study of 172 Countries, London: Routledge.
Whitehead, Lawrence (1991), “The Imposition of Democracy”, in Abraham Lowenthal [eds.], Exporting Democracy: The United States and Latin America, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Electronic resource
Seligson, Mitchell A. and John A. Booth (2009), Special Report on Honduras: Predicting Coups? Democratic Vulnerabilities, the Americas barometer and the 2009 Honduran Crisis 2009 [cited. Available at http://sitemason.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/AmericasBarometerInsightsSeries/2009/8/1/i0821-special-report-on-honduraspredicting-coups-democratic-vulnerabilities-the-americasbarometer-and-the-2009-honduran-crisis-by-mitchell-a-seligson-and-john-a-booth